L'Europe garante du futur du Sahel : Retrouvez la tribune que j'ai rédigée dans le Huffington Post

Depuis le 11 janvier 2013, la France est engagée dans une opération militaire au Mali contre des groupuscules terroristes localisés dans le nord du pays. L'ONU, l'Union européenne, les groupes politiques européens... tous ont unanimement salué l'intervention française contre ces extrémistes imposant une charia stricte et son cortège de mains coupées et de destruction de mausolées.

Malgré la bonne réception de cette intervention par la communauté internationale, et en particulier par la population malienne, la présence française dans ce pays interroge.

La guerre au Mali ne doit-elle être menée que par la France? Quelle solution durable pour lutter contre le terrorisme à l'issue du conflit armé? Quelle place pour l'Europe dans cette reconstruction nécessaire?

Commençons par affirmer une vérité

Ce n'est pas parce que la guerre a lieu au Mali que le terrorisme d'Al-Qaïda au Maghreb Islamique peut être enfermé dans les frontières de ce pays.

Le Mali, comme la plupart des pays du Sahel, est un pays aux frontières poreuses, dont le contrôle est loin d'être assuré. Si tous les yeux sont aujourd'hui rivés sur ce pays, c'est en réalité sur un ensemble plus large comprenant la Mauritanie, le Mali, le Niger, le Burkina Fasso, la Côte d'Ivoire et le Sénégal mais aussi le Maroc, l'Algérie et la Lybie qu'il faut se pencher pour vraiment comprendre la situation actuelle.

L'affaire au Mali n'est au final que le symbole d'un phénomène plus profond et plus dangereux: la déstabilisation progressive de toute la région sahélienne et saharienne.

Ce détour par les subtilités de la géopolitique n'est pas anodin

Si la zone de crise s'élargit, le nombre de pays européens directement concernés également. Il est nécessaire de comprendre que le Sahel est la frontière géopolitique de l'extrême Sud de l'Union Européenne et que l'instabilité de cette région est vouée à se propager aux pays voisins de l'Europe.

Dans la mesure où beaucoup de pays voisins de la frontière méridionale au sens large jouent un rôle-clé dans l'approvisionnement énergétique européen, de la gestion des flux migratoires et de la lutte contre le trafic de drogues en offre exponentielle et le terrorisme, l'UE ne peut laisser l'instabilité s'aggraver et se répandre dans toute la région.

Face à cet état de fait, il est nécessaire de dépasser l'approche franco-malienne pour répondre efficacement à la crise sahélienne. Seule une action du bloc régional européen vis-à-vis de l'ensemble de la région du Sahel sera pertinente.

L'action européenne au Sahel

Assurer l'Etat de droit, permettre la gestion des frontières, participer au développement économique et social doivent être les jalons de l'action européenne au Sahel car ils sont des remparts contre l'extrémisme bien plus puissant que n'importe quelle intervention militaire justifiée mais non pérenne.

Conscient que développement et sécurité vont de pair, l'Union européenne a déjà affecté plus de 660 millions d'euros à la région pour la période 2007-2013 à travers le Fonds Européen de Développement et 167 millions d'euros supplémentaires par le biais de la stratégie pour le Sahel adoptée en 2011.

Ces fonds sont nécessaires pour soutenir l'Etat de droit, les efforts de bonne gouvernance, la sécurité mais aussi des mesures d'urgence pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire de la région. Personne ne peut nier que la crise alimentaire qui sévit au Sahel depuis des années est pour beaucoup dans la déstabilisation croissante de la région.

La question de la politique de développement européenne au Sahel doit donc être au centre de l'intervention européenne. L'Europe peut et doit prendre ses responsabilités en la matière.

L'Union du Maghreb Arabe

Complémentaire de la politique d'aide au développement, le renforcement de la coopération politique et en particulier de l'intégration régionale dans le Nord de l'Afrique est la dernière pierre à l'édifice de stabilisation du Sahel.

Cette intégration existe déjà sur le papier, c'est l'Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA). Cette organisation a pourtant du mal a réellement voir le jour dans les faits, notamment à cause des réticences de l'Algérie et sa tendance à jalousement considérer le Sahel comme son pré-carré.

L'Union européenne doit accompagner ces pays pour permettre l'avènement de l'UMA et participer à la sécurisation durable du Sahel. Depuis le traité de Lisbonne, l'UE dispose d'une vraie administration diplomatique et d'une Haute Représentante à l'action extérieure et Vice-présidente de la Commission européenne. Il est temps d'utiliser ces nouvelles compétences et la diplomatie européenne pour favoriser l'émergence d'un bloc régional pacificateur et d'un allié futur de poids.

Pour ces raisons, l'UE doit être à l'avant garde diplomatique de cette réconciliation entre les pays de l'UMA.

Si la diplomatie européenne ne dispose pas d'armée et si elle ne parvient pas à convaincre les Etats membres de la nécessité de soutenir l'intervention française au Mali, elle peut saisir l'opportunité de propager son modèle d'intégration et gagner une victoire politique de premier ordre.

La première étape sera d'aider à la réconciliation entre le Maroc et l'Algérie, premier rempart à l'édification de l'UMA et impératif évident pour lutter face aux menaces terroristes pullulantes dans la région sahélienne et au delà saharienne.

Les européens doivent réussir à relever ce défi. L'Europe doit garantir le futur de cette région d'Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest.

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